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Canada Demographics

Population of Canada (2026)

View live population, charts & trends: Population of Canada

Canada Population
40,467,728
see live
Yearly Change
+0.85%
Global Share
0.49%
Global Rank
38

Median Age

The median age in Canada is 40.8 years (2026).

Fertility in Canada

A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.1 represents the Replacement-Level Fertility: the average number of children per woman needed for each generation to exactly replace itself without needing international immigration. A value below 2.1 will cause the native population to decline


Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
1.3
(Live Births per Woman, 2026)

Life Expectancy in Canada

See also: Countries in the world ranked by Life Expectancy

Both Sexes
83.1
(life expectancy at birth, both sexes combined)
Females
85.2
(life expectancy at birth, females)
Males
80.9
(life expectancy at birth, males)


Infant Mortality Rate and Deaths of Children under 5 Years Old in Canada


Infant Mortality
3.8
(infant deaths per 1,000 live births)
Deaths under age 5
4.4
(per 1,000 live births)


Canada Urban Population

Currently, 80.2% of the population of Canada is urban (32,464,952 people in 2026)


Population Density

The 2026 population density in Canada is 4 people per Km2 (12 people per mi2), calculated on a total land area of 9,093,510 Km2 (3,511,022 sq. miles).

Largest cities by Population in Canada

(includes boroughs, districts, urban agglomerations, etc.)

Rank Urban Area Population Estimate (2025)
1 Toronto 5,494,431
2 Montreal 2,668,723
3 Vancouver 1,707,865
4 Calgary 1,197,110
5 Edmonton 981,522
6 Winnipeg 679,037
7 Ottawa 605,121
8 Quebec 490,451
9 Surrey 454,230
10 Hamilton 432,788
11 London 362,006
12 Longueuil 351,819
13 Kitchener 347,723
14 Oshawa 311,294
15 Erin Woods 275,476
16 Saskatoon 273,454
17 Victoria 250,244
18 Windsor 242,885
19 Regina 232,623
20 Pickering 228,588
21 Halifax 218,091
22 Oakville 190,294
23 Burlington 188,550
24 St. Catharines 145,332
25 Mill Woods 136,859
26 Abbotsford 123,222
27 Gatineau 121,333
28 Orléans 117,619
29 Langley City 114,774
30 Guelph 109,579
More info

See also

Sources

Definitions

Population Pyramid

A Population pyramid (also called "Age-Sex Pyramid") is a graphical representation of the age and sex of a population.

Types:

  • Expansive - pyramid with a wide base (larger percentage of people in younger age groups, indicating high birth rates and high fertility rates) and narrow top (high death rate and lower life expectancies). It suggests a growing population. Example: Nigeria Population Pyramid
  • Constrictive - pyramid with a narrow base (lower percentage of younger people, indicating declining birth rates with each succeeding age group getting smaller than the previous one). Example: United States
  • Stationary - with a somewhat equal proportion of the population in each age group. The population is stable, neither increasing nor decreasing.

Stages:

Population pyramid stages

Dependency Ratio

There are three types of age dependency ratio: Youth, Elderly, and Total. All three ratios are commonly multiplied by 100.

Youth Dependency Ratio

Definition: population ages 0-15 divided by the population ages 16-64.

Formula: ([Population ages 0-15] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

Elderly dependency ratio

Definition: population ages 65-plus divided by the population ages 16-64.

Formula: ([Population ages 65-plus] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

Total dependency ratio

Definition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios.

Formula: (([Population ages 0-15] + [Population ages 65-plus]) ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100

NOTE: Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. Some portion of the population counted as "working age" may actually be unemployed or not in the labor force whereas some portion of the "dependent" population may be employed and not necessarily economically dependent.